Source: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
Bone defects can arise from trauma or pathological factors, resulting in compromised bone integrity and the loss or absence of bone tissue. As we are all aware, repairing bone defects is a core problem in bone tissue engineering. While minor bone defects can self-repair if the periosteum remains intact and normal osteogenesis occurs, significant defects or conditions such as congenital osteogenesis imperfecta present substantial challenges to self-healing. As research on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) advances, new fields of application have emerged; however, their application in orthopedics remains one of the most established and clinically valuable directions.
